2010 m. gegužės 16 d., sekmadienis

Self-assessment

Learning psychology in English is very interesting but it is not easy work. My practice in English class is useful because now when I read psychological researches; it is easier to understand what is written about. In English class at Mykolas Romeris University we have had lots of different tasks and activities to perform.
Firstly, I have been writing ESP definition tests. These tests are not easy because you should write definitions of psychological concepts, which sometimes are difficult to understand and explain in your own words. Approximately fifteen minutes are given to write ESP definition tests. Sometimes when definitions are difficult you should think longer than usually but no additional time is given. To sum up, I think that there is enough time to write such tests, as in this way you learn to think more quickly. I do not think that my results in ESP definition tests were excellent, but they were not very bad either.
ESP tests have been written in class, while at home we have been writing moodle tests. I cannot say that it is easy to write moodle tests even though you have module which should be taken as basis while writing this test because statements are not easy and very understandable. Before writing moodle tests, the module should be read several times in order to understand and think over what was active in it. While writing moodle tests, I had several occasions when I wrote a word correctly but the computer checked it and it turned out that it was incorrect. Such situations were not pleasant. I suppose that my results in writing moodle tests are quite good because sometimes my results were better, sometimes worse.
One more task which had to be done at home was writing summaries. Writing summaries has been the most difficult work for me, because at first it was not easy not to use words such as “you” or “we”. Also, in writing summaries advanced dictionary has to be used because copying sentences from a text cannot be done. Sometimes, when a text is more understandable it is easy to write a summary, however, occasionally when a text is complicated, it is really hard to summarize it. Although I think that summary writing is hard and my results were not excellent, I am positive about them. Writing new posts in my blogger has been also difficult work for me, because it was not easy to write information online , as the computer checked it and turned out that it was incorrect.
Power point presentations have been very interesting for me because you can choose the topic which is the most interesting for you to discuss. While doing presentations you can choose what you would like to talk about, which tasks you want to mention in the presentation. It is also possible to choose how a presentation should look like. However, not everything in power point presentations has been excellent. Sometimes when you are doing presentation, it is difficult to find mistakes which are made at home, but you could see them in the class. Besides, one more thing which caused some problems was to write references correctly.
Talking about work in class, we have also been practicing listening. Listening in class is not easy because you should focus just on listening while sometimes it is not easy if you hear someone talking. Listening is a very good practice to check your English skills and it helps to understand how good you are at listening to the English language. Personally, my skills at listening are not very good because sometimes it has been difficult to understand some dialects and to focus just on listening.
During English classes at Mykolas Romeris University, I could also practise my speaking skills. We have been practicing speaking skills by talking impromptu and presenting short talks. I think that talking impromptu is very good for checking vocabulary, and for learning talking without practicing at home. It also helps to think in English and think quickly if you want to say something. What is more, speaking skills are practiced by presenting short talks which could have been learnt at home. You could check your spelling, you could learn some new interesting words, and you could also practise before a mirror to see how your talk looks like. My results in speaking impromptu were not excellent because sometimes when I wanted to say something quickly I made a lot of mistakes. While results in presenting short talks were neither good nor bad.
To sum up, I think that all activities are useful because they all have helped me to practice my English and to understand what I could do better in English and what I should practice more.



2010 m. balandžio 23 d., penktadienis

Psychology of behavior


Behavioral psychology (or Behaviorism), also called the learning perspective is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. The most notable behaviorists were : Sigmund Freud, Erikson, Alfred Adler, Carl Rogers, Karen Horney, Burrhus F. Skinner, Abraham Maslow,and Victor Frankl. Psychologists have identified two major types of learning: Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning.



Classical conditioning


Classical conditioning (also Pavlovian or respondent conditioning, Pavlovian reinforcement) is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. The original and most famous example of classical conditioning involved the salivary conditioning of Pavlov's dogs. Pavlov had been studying the secretion of stomach acids and salivation in dogs in response to the ingestion of varying amounts and kinds of food. While doing that, he observed a curious phenomenon: Sometimes stomach secretions and salivation would begin in the dogs when they had not yet eaten any food. He saw that the dog were responding not only on the basis of a biological need , but also as a result of learning – or, as it came to be called , classical conditioning.




Operant conditioning



Operant conditioning is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened , depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning (also called respondent conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior" or operant behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist B.F. Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Skinner also developed the theory of confirmation. Skinner distinguishes between positive and negative confirmations or in other words rewards and punishments. Most of the time animals (and also people) learn faster when they get a reward or positive confirmation. They will also learn how to avoid negative things, but this learning process goes more slowly.


To sum up, psychology of behavior is a learning theory that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts any independent activities of the mind, but this learning theory does not account for all kinds of learning, since it disregards the activities of the mind, and does not explain some learning–such as the recognition of new language patterns by young children–for which there is no reinforcement mechanism.

References:

http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/Behavioral_Psychology.htm

http://library.thinkquest.org/26618/en-1.1.2=erikson.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism

http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/pavlov.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning

http://library.thinkquest.org/26618/en-1.1.6=Skinner.htm

Picture References:

http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/getty/8/5/3274685.jpg

http://www.skewsme.com/behavior/pavlovdog.jpg

http://www.crystalinks.com/skinner.jpg




































































































2010 m. vasario 8 d., pirmadienis

Psychology studies at Mykolas Romeris University and University of Columbia

Psychology (lit. "study of the soul" or "study of the mind") is an academic and applied discipline which involves the scientific study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors. These days there are a lot of high level universities where psychology can be studied. I will compare psychology studies at Mykolas Romeris University and at University of Columbia.


Mykolas Romeris University is a modern and dynamic university seeking to have a
well-established position in the system of higher education in Europe. The university consists of 7 faculties and 40 departments. It offers more than 70 programmes at the Bachelor, Master, and Doctoral levels. Studies are carried out in compliance to the major principles of Bologna process. Mykolas Romeris University has six faculties: Faculty of Law, Faculty of Economics and Finance Management, Faculty of Public Administration, Faculty of Strategic Management and Policy, Faculty of Public Security and Faculty of Social Policy . At MRU psychology is studied in the faculty of Social policy. This faculty offers three first cycles degrees (Bachelor of Psychology, Bachelor of Social work, Bachelor of Law and Penitentiary Activities) and the same kind of Master’s degree. The primary mission of Bachelor’s degree programme in Psychology is to provide a quality education that prepares students to enter a broad range of careers in psychology and related fields.The study programme of psychology, the students acquire theoretical and practical knowledge in various spheres of psychology; develop their abilities to understand, explain and assess human behaviour, personality and emotional state and to provide psychological assistance.


In comparison, Columbia University’s Psychology Department has a proud history of excellence in the science of psychology. Dating back to 1890 as a discipline of study at Columbia, it is one of the oldest and most influential departments of American psychology. The Department of Psychology is strongly represented as an undergraduate major in the university, also offering an honors program and the neuroscience and behavior major cosponsored with Biology. The curriculum offers a broad spectrum of courses and, in line with its history, supports an experimental orientation to learning about the many areas within psychology. Undergraduate majors often become involved in faculty research, thereby learning firsthand about the scientific method. The Graduate Program aims to train doctoral candidates to become accomplished researchers and teachers, providing them the opportunity to collaborate with several faculty members while pursuing their personal interests. The low student/faculty ratio creates a richly rewarding learning environment for students who benefit from the flexibility of delving into a wide range of research areas covered by the faculty, often creating their own linkages across areas.

In conclusion, there are differences and similarities between Mykolas Romeris University and University of Columbia but these both universities have high levels of education and this is our choice, which is better to choose to study in.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/aboutus/department/index.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolas_Romeris_University
http://www.mruni.eu/en/index.php
Picture references:
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/aboutus/phototour/index.html
http://wapedia.mobi/thumb/333614618/lt/fixed/470/310/Mykolas_Romeris_University.jpg